Saturday, August 31, 2019

Animal Farm †Man Farm Essay

What if we were all animals instead of humans? The Animal Farm by George Orwell is about animals overthrowing humans so they can live a better life. On the farm the pigs are the smartest. They teach the other animals how to read and write. The pigs also came up with ways to make the animals’ jobs easier. Since the pigs were the smartest they decided to be in charge. Over time the pigs start to adapt to human life. They start wearing clothes and have conversations with humans. Once the farmer is gone the animals have to adapt to human society. To survive the pigs have to adapt to a more human life. The pigs are smart. â€Å"They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of animalism into seven commandments.† (p. 24 Orwell) just like the animals humans have the Ten Commandments. These commandments lead to law and order for the land. Further more they have their own national anthem. â€Å"It is called Beast Of England.† (p. 12 Orwell) The Star Spangled Banner is the national anthem for the humans. The animals are able to come up with many things that are thought of as human things. There are more common ground between animals and humans. Besides written things the animals have also come up with new inventions. They want to make a windmill to save energy. â€Å"Snowball’s plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came from mostly three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones.† (p. 49 Orwell) The pigs could read very well that how they got so many crazy ideas like the windmill. They got into many â€Å"battles† with the other farmer, hence their new system of awards. â€Å"’Animal Hero, First Class,’ which was conferred there and then to Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal† (p. 44 Orwell) Award ceremonies like these are like ceremonies for the people who serve in the army. Just when you think there are not any more similarities there are more. The pigs began looking through Mr. Jone’s house and they found some of his old stuff. â€Å"have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays.† (p. 114 Orwell) The pigs are breaking on of the commandments. They are never to wear clothes. They didn’t just break one rule; they broke many. â€Å"And the news leaked out that every pig was receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily,† (p. 115 Orwell) The animals aren’t suppose to drink beer, but Napolean has been changing the rules himself. Napolean changes the rules every time he breaks them. The Animal Farm is a fable. It is a satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. The animals chase away the farmer because they want a better life. Later, they realize that life ruled by the pigs is worse. They pigs start to treat the other animals like slaves.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Existentialism: Does Life Have Meaning? Essay

Most people would like to think that their life has some kind of meaning or purpose. However how this meaning in life is obtained can cause some differing views. One may believe that they were born with a purpose in life and the other may believe that it is their own responsibility to give their own life meaning. While the first belief may be the preferred option, it doesn’t seem very practical. Existentialists believe that one must give meaning to their own life, which in all reality seems to be the truth. In the novels Their Eyes Were Watching God, Crime and Punishment, The Awakening, The Stranger, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the existential view that the individual is responsible for giving their own life meaning is confirmed through the character’s actions, pressures of society, and the overall meanings of the works. The behaviors of the characters in these various novels help explain their search for meaning in life. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Nora Zeal Hurston, the main character Janie is on a search for her true purpose in life. She spent her whole life being controlled by her grandmother and her first two husbands, and now that she is living her life with her third husband Teacakes, she is beginning to discover her true potential. Janie is always trying to serve the men in her life so much to the point that she belittles herself into having no meaning to her own life. Janie began to try to find her own meaning in life early in the novel. In chapter two it states, â€Å"Janie was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree soaking in the alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible voice of it all came to her. She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree from root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight. So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation. Then Janie felt a pain remorseless sweet that left her limp and languid. † At this point Janie realizes that it is her own responsibility to create her own purpose in life and she sets out to do so. By the end of the novel, Janie realizes that she can only depend on herself to be happy and she must put her own needs before the needs of others, thus finding her meaning of life. The actions of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, seem to be a constant search for the meaning of life. In Act Three, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have a conversation after they realize that their mission they were sent on is now useless. They say, â€Å"Guildenstern: We’ve travelled too far, and our momentum has taken over; we move idly towards eternity, without possibility of reprieve or hope of explanation. Rosencrantz: Be happy—if you’re not even happy what’s so good about surviving? We’ll be all right. I suppose we just go on. † Guildenstern has clearly determined that life has no meaning to it at all and that he is just waiting for death. However, Rosencrantz recognizes that they must make their own meaning of life. Rosencrantz indicates that the fact that life as a whole does not have any obvious meaning does not mean that it is impossible for any individual life to have meaning. Rosencrantz’s response is an attempt to find meaning and purpose on precisely this individual level. When faced with the chaos of life, Rosencrantz decides that his personal purpose will be to seek pleasure for himself. They begin to realize that they must make their life meaningful on their own rather than by the expectations of others, supporting the existential view. Societal expectations play a big part on one’s quest to find the meaning of life. In the The Stranger by Albert Camus and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the main characters are conflicted by the pressures of society and doing what they want to do. In The Stranger, Meursault kills a man on the beach and is going through a trial, where he is eventually sentenced to the death penalty. Meursault knows that society is against him and wants him to be put to death. However, Meursault doesn’t want to die. Like all people, Meursault comes to realize that he has been born, will die, and will have no further importance. Only after Meursault reaches this seemingly dismal realization is he able to attain happiness. When he fully comes to terms with the inevitability of death, he understands that it does not matter whether he dies by execution or lives to die a natural death at an old age. This understanding enables Meursault to put aside his fantasies of escaping execution by filing a successful legal appeal. Meursault sees that his hope for sustained life has been a burden. His liberation from this false hope of not being executed means he is free to live life for what it is, and to make the most of his remaining days. With this, Meursault discovers the existential view that it was his own responsibility to give his life meaning and he should stop worrying about societal pressures. Raskolnikov, the main character in Crime and Punishment, finds himself in a similar situation to Meursault. He murders two women and is now debating on whether to turn himself into the police or not. This ultimately leads to Raskolnikov’s existential crisis: to live or to die. In the novel Raskolnikov says â€Å"Where is it I’ve read that someone condemned to death says or think, an hour before his death, that if he had to live on some high rock, on such a narrow ledge that he’d only room to stand, and the ocean, everlasting darkness, everlasting solitude, everlasting tempest around him, if he had to remain standing on a square yard of space all his life, a thousand years, eternity, it were better to live so than to die at once! Only to live, to live and live! Life, whatever it may be! † This shows that by the end of the novel, Raskolnikov understands that he must make his life meaningful in order for him to want to live. He knows that he was born into this world with no meaning and he has to give himself a purpose in life to strive towards, no matter what society says. Society wants Raskolnikov to just get executed, but he decides to serve his time in person so that he could still make meaning in his life after he got out of prison. Raskolnikov came to understand that only he could fulfill his purpose in life and he must live in order to do so. In the novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the overall meaning of trying to find one’s true self helps support the existential belief of the responsibility of creating one’s purpose in life. Edna Pontellier is unhappy with her life and she begins to try to find a way out. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her. † She has this â€Å"awakening† where she realizes that she needs to stop living for everyone else and instead live for herself. Towards the end of the novel she says, â€Å"†I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn’t give myself. I can’t make it more clear; it’s only something which I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me. † She has discovered that her meaning in life was not to be the perfect wife or mom, but to live for what is best for her. Edna knows that she needs to create her own meaning for her life so she decides to leave her old life behind and set out to do so. By the end of the novel, Edna commits suicide because she realizes that the only way she can escape her life that she is living for everyone else is just to end her life all together. All in all, the existential belief that one must create their own meaning in life is supported in the novels through the characters’ actions, societal pressures, and the overall meanings of the works. Many of the characters can teach the readers a lesson on how to live for oneself and not be influenced by the wants of others. One only has a single life, so they must make the most of it and create their own purpose in life in order to actually live. If one doesn’t live for their own meaning and purpose in life, then what is the point of living? It’s your choice, but just remember, you only live once.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Stock Market and Paramount

Case Study Questions –Paramount Communications Inc. 1993- Why a paramount is a takeover target? Several Strategic Reasons – Cost reduction: through combinations of similar business and economy of scales – Sales increase: a) cross-promotions of each company’s brand and utilization of each company’s channels, and b) cooperation in international businesses. 2. Which of the two firms (Viacom or QVC) would make a better fit with Paramount? -Viacom: Overlap in the business creates synergies regarding cost and revenue. However, cannibalisation may happen in the near future. QVC: Small rooms for synergies (cost reductions may be limited to non-business section. ). Volatility may high regarding the realisation of synergies (Most of new synergies come from new businesses. ). Therefore, Viacom is more likely to be a good fit with Paramount. 3. Compare your valuation (stand-alone basis) with market price. What makes the difference between two prices? Target Pri ce: $26. 48 to 29. 41 Market Price: $ 48. 88 to 55. 50 Market Price Multiples: Multiples imply the current stock price is overvalued. PER 33. 46 X, PBR 1. 61 X, EV/EBITDA 13. 7X There is a big difference in our Target Price and Market Price.This may come from 1) Market expectation that the company will generate more Free Cash Flow growth in the next few years 2) Speculation regarding potential takeover 4. What effect would Viacom have on the costs at Paramount if it bought the company? What effect would Viacom have on Paramount’s growth rate? What would happen to costs and sales growth if QVC bought Paramount instead? 1) Viacom impact on the cost and growth rate at Paramount -Cost reduction can be expected thorough combinations of similar business and economy of scales -Viacom will increase sales growth of Viacom by cross-selling and cooperation in international businesses. ) QVC impact on the costs and sales growth at Paramount -Though QVC expects , the cost reduction will b e limited as both companies share the same business area. In addition, sales growth of Paramount will be cut as QVC has intention of restructuring some of the Paramount businesses. 5. What is Paramount worth to Viacom? – Theme park (cross-selling) – Film Library/Film Distribution Business 6. What is Paramount worth to QVC? – New business opportunities in Entertainment – Film Library/Film Distribution Business 7. Compare your valuation with Smith Barney’s.What assumptions do you have to make to get the terminal value EBITDA multiples used by Smith Barney. Is there any benefit of their method relative to FCF method? Smith Barney is using EBITDA of 14 to 16X. Since EBITDA multiple tends to revert to a certain level over the year, we need to assume that the market will keep pricing the company at the same level of 1993. The merits of EBITDA multiples: -They don’t need to assume the perpetual growth rate which is hard to calibrate but has substan tial impact on pricing. -They can ignore the capital structure change Easier to understand (it is â€Å"market consensus†) 8. What doe 30% premium suggest? Is it reasonable? 30% of premium over the market price may be reasonable given; a) control premium b) the nature of takeover (it can be considered as â€Å"Insider Trading†, and to avoid litigation by shareholders, an acquirer may need to pay premium) c) consideration of synergies through a takeover. 9. How should Redstone proceed? What price should he offer? Should the offer be a cash offer, a stock offer, or some combination? What should he do about the lock-out option and the termination fee?Should he bother trying to buy Paramount at all? -The price to offer: $63. 00 (after aggressive synergies consideration) > premium of 14. 55% over the current stock price ($55. 00) -The type of merger: The total amount required will be From $63. 00 * 120million shares * 50. 1% = $3,787. 6 million to $63. 00 * 120million share s * 100% = $7,560 million. Cash: $3,783. 6million to $7,560 million was too much as Viacom has only $28. 7 million cash and most of cash is supposed to be kept for working capital (total current liabilities amount to $848. 3 million).Also, as the LBO is impossible either since Paramount has only around Free Cash Flow of around $300 million. Stock Offer: Therefore, stock offer can be a more reasonable option. However, Redstone’s control over Viacom itself will decrease (see the table below). Lock-up and termination fee: Redstone should cease the options first if he really wants to buy the company. Conclusion: Redstone should not buy Paramount for the following reasons; a) He will substantially lose his control over Viacom b) Current market price is overvalued compared to Paramount’s intrinsic value. c) Realisation of synergies on revenue side is still uncertain.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Strengths and Weaknesses of Mainstream Supply Chains Essay

Strengths and Weaknesses of Mainstream Supply Chains - Essay Example As the report declares supply chain management is an essential component of the management tools of organizations dealing in the flow of goods and services. Value creation is important for organizations because the main objective for existence of companies is to make profits. It means that companies must design a competitive infrastructure through which all its supplies and products/services will flow. The ease of flow of which products/services from the manufacturers to the final consumer is tantamount to the efficiency, and largely the profitability, of such manufacturers. According to the research findings conversely, the manufacturers or service providers must design an efficient infrastructure through which raw materials flow from the supplies. Besides the suppliers and the final consumers of products and services, supply chains involve many other entities, who either create value or facilitate the movement of products and services across the supply chain. Accordingly, organizations employ supply chain management as a means of ensuring smooth flow of raw materials from the suppliers and efficiency in delivery of products/services to the end customers. The logistics of supply chain management increase tremendously when it comes to international businesses. The global context of the supply chain involves many middle parties from across the globe. As a result, Global Production Networks (GPN) becomes inevitable, particularly for multinationals with subsidiaries in far-flung countries where the supplies do not have a base.

Journal 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Journal 3 - Essay Example The application of this policy helps to motivate employees to attain higher goals (Blazey, 2013). Effective retention strategy is also part of compensation policy in organization. This strategy helps employees to remain committed on the organization to build successful career. Benefits policy can also help organization to attract best employees for the organization. Some of the necessary benefits plans of organization are to focus on employee needs, increase employee satisfaction and motivate existing employees by keeping them healthy (Henderson, 2002). Some of the benefits provided by organization are retirement benefit, insurance policy, sick leave, income protection on disability, vacation leave and substitute work engagements. The application of compensation and benefits can help organization to increase revenue which can lead to effective customer service interaction and high productivity. The successful compensation and benefit plan can help to attract competent employees and maintain sustainability in the competitive

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Case Study on Wal Mart Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Wal Mart - Case Study Example There is the Executive Wing, that is headed by Rob Walton (representing the family interest of the founder) who works as the Chairman of the Board. The Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer slot presents a hybrid governance role which combines operational leadership and executive leadership. There is also the President & CEO position which embodies the management unit of the company meant for the day-to-day running of the company. The history of leadership in Walmart can be attributed to the initiative taken by Sam Walton (924). The risks and entrepreneurial decisions taken by Sam Walton to invest in the discount retailing concept and grow such idea. Sam Waltons leadership philosophy has been instituted and deeply rooted in the relationship between members of the company. The concept encourages leaders to treat employees as partners, build for the future, learn from failures and involve all stakeholders in decision making processes (923). These soft leadership ideas became the foundation for the building of the organizational culture in Walmart. Other ideas from Sam Walton like the careful use of resources, collective systems of attainment of results, innovation, motivation, involvement of associates (Management by Walking Around) and good communication skills form the crux of the atmosphere of Walmart. Disciplined expansion: This is one of the most remarkable strategic decisions that the management of Walmart took. The backward expansion concept utilized very disciplined techniques and systems to ensure that they opened up stores in the suburbs and out smaller areas of each state. As the demand in these stores grew, they expanded into the city center and this ensured that they survived and remain profitable. Strong Marketing structures: Also, the management of Walmart must be credited with their ability to put together a great marketing strategy and structures to ensure that consumers remained interested in Walmart. Expansion of the

Monday, August 26, 2019

Business process management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business process management - Essay Example At this stage it is also essential to establish a good infrastructure to achieve the goals. The charter should carry all information such as roles and responsibilities should be defined, and the expected outcome clarified. Six Sigma lays emphasis on the customer expectations and how their expectations should be met. The emphasis on customer is the most attractive feature of Six Sigma methodology. At the definition stage these five factors are taken care of - Supplier, Input, Process, Output, and Customer (SIPOC). B. Measure – According to George Eckes, three measurement principles must be adhered to – a. Measure only what is important to the customer b. Only measure process outputs that can be improved. c. Refrain from measuring an output for which there is no record of customer dissatisfaction. Thus, in this phase relevant data is collected and the various metrics are prepared based on the data. The important aspects of the current aspects have to be measured. To make the measurement of the process efficient and effective, the Six Sigma team has to ensure that the input is measured after which the process as well as customer satisfaction should be measured. C. Analyze – in this phase the defects are analyzed which helps to establish the â€Å"Cause & Effect† relationship. ... close – through data collected identify the most critical factors that causes deviation D. Improve – The data from the metrics and analysis conducted in the earlier phases is used here. Better techniques are utilized in this phase which helps eliminate the root cause of the defects. The Six Sigma team during this phase is guided by their prioritized list which reveals which improvement can lead to the largest change. E. Control – during this phase continuous control and monitoring of process improvement is done which helps in planning for future products and services with zero defects. In the manufacturing sector the production lines have to be constantly evaluated. With constant vigilance throughout the supply chain, it is possible to achieve 99.73% defect free parts. This is a costly process as it requires statistical tools to monitor and keep control. 2. Obstacles and challenges of the Six Sigma method The Six Sigma method has its own strengths but also enjoys certain challenges. 1. Issues in strategy The critics of Six Sigma contend that it is not a new technique or a principle but simply the old methods have been repackaged and a new term given to it. Many do not consider it an important strategy that should be implemented. This enhances the importance of trying to evaluate the strengths and weakness of the Six Sigma methodology so that organizations can take an informed decision about the utilization of the Six Sigma principles, tools and concepts. 2. Organizational culture Implementation of Six Sigma calls for a change in the organizational culture that supports quality in planning. Thus, organizations must have a clear understanding of the obstacles without which the methodology may fail. 3. Issues in training

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Identifying Ethical Differences in Culture Essay

Identifying Ethical Differences in Culture - Essay Example In regarding guanxi, it usually outstrips any rules and regulations that run contrary to it. In China guanxi obliges one to defer to a complex system of personal relationships and moral obligations, which may even date back generations, in all aspect of life. This certainly includes business as well. Guanxi places relationships above all other considerations and in business one may be forced to use their position to purchase products from an associate that may in fact be more expensive or of less quality than is available somewhere else. Actions like these, if detected by a company from one of its staff would usually be grounds for dismissal as well as legal action in many cases. This disparity between worlds is due to one of the major cultural differences between the U.S. and China. In the US business and even personal relationships are usually transactional, that is there is a give and take that is considered an equitable exchange between two parties. This usually holds for both bu siness entities as well as personal relationships. Chinese cultural is far more relationally oriented and is often guided by complex associations of family and friends over many generations. Based essentially upon honor and respect, it is far more important to maintain good relationships under the rules of guanxi than it is to do what is best for your company. This is of course considered treason in the U.S., while in China it is accepted and tolerated by most organizations. Although the law does limit it to some extent and the excessive.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Proposed design for residential dwellings and retail super markets Essay

Proposed design for residential dwellings and retail super markets near Lichfield Basin - Essay Example The proposal also highlights the preventive measures that need to be incorporated in view of flooding, soft and moist clayey ground, damp patches in buildings. The other design considerations include the spacing between dwelling and the development of garden in nearby area. Thus the single major aim of this design proposal is to develop sustainable dwellings and retails that are contemporary with good aesthetics 2. Performance requirements for buildings: The proposed site is a basin area and hence requires a careful design with respect to structural stability, good thermal and sound insulation and availability of natural lighting. The materials that provide good insulation are prescribed in the EST guidance, â€Å"Insulation materials chart - thermal properties and environmental ratings† (www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/housing , CE 71) and that for airtightness in â€Å"Insulation materials chart - thermal properties and environmental ratings† (www.energysavingtrust.org.u k/housing , CE 137). ... According to the Building Regulations Approved Document E of the Department for Communities and Local Government (Resistance to the passage of sound, 11 -17) of the building regulations, the attenuation values for airborne sound and impact sound could range from 3dB to 8dB. The credits in the certification is 1 for 3dB attenuation and for 8dB attenuation, the credit is 4. Insulation tests are carried out in pre-completion and post completion stage by test bodies accredited by UKAS. The thermal insulation is assessed by the Heat Loss Parameter. The long term thermal insulation of the building depends on the structure of the building. The Heat Loss parameter gives a statistical measure of the thermal insulation of the external surface area including construction and airtightness. A lower value of heat loss parameter specifies efficient design in terms of thermal insulation. The design and location of hot water cylinders, insulation pipes and cold water tanks needs more attention. ( I h ave removed some text here) During construction the design and mode of temporary supports need to be assessed and decided by a competent structural engineer who has sufficient knowledge about the load bearing ability of different materials. According to the Building and Construction Authority (â€Å"GUIDELINES FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS†, www.bca.gov.sg/), the structural investigation of a building involves checking the structural plans, calculations of load bearing ability, testing the strengths of materials and carrying out load tests on parts of the building. As stated in the technical guide, of Department for Communities and Local Government

Friday, August 23, 2019

The Writing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Writing Process - Essay Example Thus, the individual’s critical analysis skills are polished as a writer. The more educated and experienced the writer, the more mature, decent, organized, and sensible the writing. Individuals do a variety of forms of writing in their everyday life. As they write more, they learn more. These forms of writing include but are not limited to essays, letters, applications, academic papers, research papers, stories, and dissertations. What an individual writes fundamentally depends upon what motivates him/her to write. The motivation behind writing poetry may be hobby. Motivation behind writing a letter or an application may be an urgent need. Motivation behind writing an essay may be passing the exam. Likewise, stories are often written to be published in the newspapers or magazines as this happens to be a source of income for some writers. Different people like and dislike different things about writing, though certain things can be commonly included in either of the two categories. Things that people like about writing is that they can own a thing that they produced in a very short span of time, writing provides people with a way to express themselves freely, and writing saves memories one has at a particular point in time. The ability of writing to express thoughts makes it a form of art. Writing often gets boring when it is imposed upon an individual as a compulsory task. The mere fact that they have to write rather than they can opt to write makes writing essays difficult and boring for the students when they are given this task as a homework. Some things that people commonly dislike about writing is that it can be very biased and manipulative, and that the type of language used in the writing has to be adjusted according to the genre of the writing; language used in an official document is very different from tha t used in poetry. There are certain rules and principles that have to be respected and followed while writing

Thursday, August 22, 2019

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay Example for Free

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay This writer has been teaching for the past twelve years; the introduction came at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus after graduating with a BSc. in Sociology and Politics where I first started tutoring in Introduction to Caribbean Politics and Sociology in the undergraduate programme. After three year of working in administration full-time and tutoring part-time, I decided that desk work was not for me as I felt as though I would go out of mind (literally, as the job held no challenges for me and there was no prospects of promotion to anything else but more ‘paper pushing’. To that end I applied to a number of universities in the United Kingdom and was successful. While studying in the United Kingdom for my Masters of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice, I taught English as a Foreign Language to French and Italian students that summer in 1999. On return from the United Kingdom n September 1999, I started teaching in the Division of General/Continuing Education where I taught Caribbean Politics Society, Ethics and Citizenship (Cores) and Introduction to Sociology (Elective) to the general college student population; and resume tutoring in the Department of Government, Sociology and Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Cave Hill Campus. In April 2000 I started teaching in the Division of Commerce in the Department of Government and Political Studies and have since become the Head of the Department with responsibility for the Politics programme. During the summer of that year I lectured Introduction to Sociology in the Summer School Programme. I was asked to design a course for the Regional Police Training Centre to replace a previous course; this was called The Sociology of Crime and I was asked to teach the same. My interest in teaching also led me to create a number of courses at the college and one such course, The Sociology of Crime (Corrections Aspect) was adopted by the Training Division for an accelerated training course 2 for Prison Officers at Her Majesty’s Prisons; this I was also co-opted to teach as well. To date I remain the Head of Department, Government and Political Studies and I am a part-time lecturer/tutor in FOUN 1301 – Law, Governance, Economy and Caribbean Society at the Cave Hill Campus, a part-time lecturer in Drugs and Society (Summer School Programme), a part-time Tutor at the Regional Police Training Centre and Her Majesty’s Prisons Dodds. The portfolio has been defined as a systematic and organised collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor growth of the students knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific subject area (Blake et al. 1995). Others (DeBruin-Parecki, et al. , 1997) have provided a more contemporary view which envisions the portfolio as â€Å"a purposeful, collaborative, self-reflective collection of student work generated during the process of instruction†. This paper is intended to help the writer to systematically gauge her progress toward the teaching profession by developing a portfolio. More importantly, it is intended to help other teacher candidates think reflectively on their decisions and experiences. Institutions of higher learning across the nation are responding to political, economic, social and technological pressures to be more responsive to students needs and more concerned about how well students are prepared to assume future societal roles. Faculty are already feeling the pressure to lecture less, to make learning environments more interactive, to integrate technology into the learning experience, and to use collaborative learning strategies when appropriate. The emphasis of learning to learn in curriculum reform has signaled to teachers to adopt student-centred strategies of teaching and different modes of assessment. The basis for the foregoing can be found in the Ministry of Education White Paper on Education Reform (1995). During the researcher’s years of teaching she has observed some unfavourable social skills being displayed by students in the classroom. Simple courtesies such as sharing or 3 saying â€Å"good-morning† appear to be disappearing from the habits of some students. This is symptomatic of the serious underlying problems in our society that need to be addressed urgently. The regularity with which some reference is made to the conduct of our youth, whether it is by teachers, parents, the media or society as a whole is disconcerting. If not curbed, these children take negative behaviours into their adult lives and this can be detrimental to the society as a whole. Cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio assessment and problem solving/critical thinking, as an alternative assessment, are increasingly being used in higher education facilities around the world and here at the Barbados Community College, specifically in the Department of Government and Political Studies. Before embarking on this course of study, much of the knowledge this writer operated with and under was done based on what was never wanted as a student, the old way of mere â€Å"pallaring†. Notably, the change from listening to teachers teach and answering examination questions to taking the initiative to learn and demonstrating competence with self-selected evidence is a great challenge to the students. This paper first discusses the various constraints and difficulties of using, cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio and problem solving/critical thinking as assessment and instructional strategies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for successful use of these three strategies as a useful form of teaching and assessment can be measured at the same time. Included in this paper will be examples of artefacts of each teaching strategy along with a rationale and description of teaching strategy. It can be asserted that many students find the transition into Higher Education quite difficult, particularly if they have not studied for some length of time; also coming from the high school environment the same is obtained as many of these students have been ‘spoon fed’ and find it hard to adopt the new mode of teaching. It is against this backdrop that the writer layout this paper reflecting on various teaching strategies, namely Cooperative/ Collaborating Learning, Portfolios, and Problem Solving/Critical Thinking. Teaching strategies can be defined therefore as ways in which instructional material and activities are presented and conducted in an effort to meet the needs of every student. Notably, teaching strategies will vary from tutor to tutor and is usually based upon which method/strategy (ies) a particular tutor is most at ease in using and its effectiveness. On the other hand a teaching method is a way of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities. The use of this portfolio is designed as an educational tool to present knowledge gain through thorough reading and based on the information presented by the various groups in the course. This teaching strategy can be used to improve the attitudes and performance of Tutors and Teachers within the classroom. It consists of reflections, artefacts and projections on each teaching strategy i. e. ooperative/collaborative learning, portfolios, and problem solving/critical thinking. Notably, establishing clear, practical classroom rules at the start of the school year can help you keep students on track to learning while promoting good behaviour and responsibility. Strategies focused on increasing student participation and learning were developed and implemented in three statics sections of varying sizes over the last two years. Overall student perception of these strategies and their impact on learning in three sections of different size is very favorable. In addition, analysis of student ratings grouped by cumulative GPA indicates different strategies are perceived as helpful by different groups of students. However, implementing a combination of strategies seems to help all groups. Many of these strategies work across all class sizes and do not require significant investment in technology or hardware. However, more work needs to be done to determine the effect of these strategies on actual student learning or performance. 5 A word of caution is appropriate. This paper describes different strategies but it is important to note that strategies by themselves may not improve student learning. How strategies are implemented by the instructor and the instructor’s attitude plays a significant role in student learning. An appropriate quote comes from Louis Schmier: â€Å"Education without caring, without a soul, without a spirit, without purpose beyond subject matter is as viable as a person with a brain but without heart. Pedagogy, technology, and techniques are no substitute for love and caring†. A Reflective Paper on the use of Cooperative/Collaborative Learning as a Teaching Strategy Cooperation is working together to accomplish shared goals. Within cooperative activities individuals seek outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and beneficial to all other group members. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximise their own and each others learning. The idea is simple. Class members are organised into small groups after receiving instruction from the teacher.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

The Birth of American Imperialism Essay Example for Free

The Birth of American Imperialism Essay The United States of America was founded on July 4, 1776 and has fought three wars before the Spanish-American War. The United States has fought numerous times for different reasons. The States fought Britain for their independence in 1776, and then in 1812 they fought Britain because American ships were being taken prisoner by the British for no apparent reason. America stood up against the British and let them know that was going to push America around. America also fought against itself trying to preserve the nation and keep The United States as one and from not separating. The United States of America unified again in 1865 becoming one with unified ideas. In 1898 the United States fought a new enemy for new reasons, but these reasons were not justified and not appropriate to declare war on Spain. In the 1890’s the United States attitude turned much aggressive and expansionistic than it had ever been. There was in fact a lust for forming colonies. What triggered the war was the blowing up of the Maine Battleship. The blame was put on Spain’s shoulders believing the Spanish had a hand in the destruction of the Maine. Years after the end of the war investigators have concluded that the Maine blew up due to the boiler room overheating and blowing up. The Spanish-American War is the most unnecessary war of all-time and could have easy been avoided if America did not declare wars on other nations solely on belief without any evidence. The defeat of the Spanish forces marked the end of their rule in the Americas and also marked the rise of the United States as a global military power. The Spanish-American War affected the United States in a number of other ways. It helped speed the construction of the Panama Canal and also resulted in the U. S. s acquisition of foreign territories. This war marks the being of American Imperialism, and the beginning of American intervention in other countries. Before the war and before the explosion of the USS Maine there was a lot of tension between America and Spain at the time. The United States and Spain all most started a war when Spain captured an American ship in 1873. The captain and the crew were executed on charges of having rebel leaders aboard (Gay 9). There were many reports of U.  S citizens in Cuba being imprisoned or murdered. Spanish officials even confiscated U. S property (Gay 9). Also, Americans living in Cuba were captured and sent without trial to this prison known as Morro Castle (Gay 23). Also, Cuba was rebelling against Spanish rule and wanted its own independence. Constant fighting between Spain and the natives became deadly. Cuba was an important colony for the Spanish. The islands export sugar, tobacco, and other raw materials were traded by the Spanish to generate great amounts of wealth (Bachrach 15). In January 25, the USS Maine arrives in Havana, Cuba. The Maine is there to protect Americans in Cuba against the riot occurring in Havana (Bowan 103). February 15, the USS Maine while docked in the Havana harbor is rocketed by two explosions. The ship begins to sink killing 266 U. S sailors (Bowan 104). The United States places the blame upon Spain for the destruction of the Maine and in April the United States and Spain break off diplomatic relations. The U. S president orders a naval blockade of Cuba’s ports (Bowan 104). McKinley stressed that the United States had tried to remain neutral, but too many Americans were treated inhumanly in Cuba by the Spanish (Gay 28). In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine stated that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would not be accepted by the U. S. , but Spains colony in Cuba was exempted. In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which credits the rise of Britain to world power to the Royal Navy. Mahan’s ideas on projecting strength through a strong navy had a powerful worldwide influence. Historians debate how much Americans were interested in obtaining an empire, while noting that the European powers had in recent decades dramatically expanded their empires, especially in Africa and Asia. The United States had great interest in the England motto, which was make the world England. The United States wanted to colonize, take over new territories, and expand. Unfortunately, America’s ambitions were inopportune for the current state of the world, because most of the world was colonized and had governments. America probably pinned the blame of the Maine blowing up on Spain to grab new territory and some other spoils of war. On April 23 President McKinley called for a hundred twenty five thousand volunteers, more than a million men answered the call (Golay 41). The U. S Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, is headed by Commodore George Dewy. He is based in Hong Kong, China. His job is to combat the Spanish in the Pacific (Bowman 104). Amazingly the U. S had so little information about the Philippines that Dewey had to buy charts of Manila Bay from Hong Kong (Golay 22). In the early hour of May 1, 1898, Dewy spots the Spanish fleet 5 miles south of Manila. The U. S fleet sails towards the Spanish fleet (Bowman 107). Dewey’s ships have destroyed the majority of the Spanish fleet and captured the remaining Spanish fleet. The Spanish lose more than 400 men. Only 6 Americans die or are wounded. When word reaches America of Dewey’s victory he becomes a national hero (Bowman 107). Dewy stays in Manila harbor with his fleet to keep the German Navy from the weak situation in the Philippines. The U. S does not want Germany to take territory or resources from the Philippines (Bowman 107). Following Deweys victory, Manila Bay was filled with the warships of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan; all of which outgunned Deweys force. The German fleet of eight ships were in Philippine waters to protect German interests acted provocatively cutting in front of American ships, refusing to salute the United States flag, taking soundings of the harbor, and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish. The Germans, with interests of their own, were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford. The Americans called the bluff of the Germans, threatening conflict if the aggressive activities continued, and the Germans backed down. At the time, the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat, with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking. Most of the Spanish fleet is anchored in Santiago. The commander of the Spanish fleet is Pascual Cervera. He does not want to challenge the U. S, because he knows that he is out gunned (Bowan 109). On 1 July, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the armys Colored regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his Rough Riders, the 71st New York and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. More than 200 U. S. oldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting. Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later. The Spanish forces at Guantanamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines. This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo, which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege. After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance ground to a halt. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago (Bowan 109). The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody, strangling siege of the city. During the nights, Cuban troops dug successive series of trenches toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U. S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. American troops, while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire, suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito-borne disease. At the western approaches to the city, Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces. The success at the two forts on July 1, 1898 combined to give the Americans command over the ridges surrounding Santiago. By July 3, the American forces had demolished Admiral Pascual’s Spanish fleet there. On July 17, the Spanish surrendered the city (Nelson 111). There was likelihood that the Spanish could carry the War onto the Atlantic seaboard cities of the U. S (Golay 31). The Spanish Admiral Cervera could not have raided the U. S coastal cities because they had no charts of the Atlantic Seas (Golay 33). The Spanish fleet attacks the seven American ships. After four hours of gunfire the Spanish ships are all sunk. The Spanish have 474 dead while the Americans only suffer 1 fatality (Bowan 109). On 7 August, the American invasion force started to leave Cuba. The problem was fiebre amarilla, yellow fever, which had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force, crippling it. A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army, a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter, who described his force as an â€Å"army of convalescents† (Bowan 111). By the time of his letter, 75% of the force in Cuba was unfit for service. The evacuation was not total. The U. S. Army kept the black Ninth Infantry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation. The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed â€Å"Immunes†. Still, by the time the Ninth left, 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease. The Treaty of Paris was signed December 10, 1898, settled the conflict that had resulted in the Spanish-American War( Nelson 111). As a result of the Spanish-American war, which lasted for only four months from April 25 to August 12, 1898, the treaty gave Cuba independence. Andrew Carnegie the richest man in America wrote a personal check for twenty million dollars to buy Philippine independence (Marrin 150). The U. S would pay 20 million dollars for the Philippines. The Philippines would become a common wealth in November 1935 (Nelson 112). U. S. also acquired Puerto Rico and Guam. By gaining these territories it helped America gain some more resources. Also the result of the war leaves thousands dead on each side of the playing field and many more wounded. These deaths could have been avoided if only the United States did not jump to conclusions and did not use the Maine incident to enter a war in order in gain new territory. In the end, U. S. goals were overwhelmingly achieved. They succeeded in securing Cuban independence, removing Spanish forces from the Americas, establishing themselves as a world and military power, and also accomplished much more, with minimal losses. Other positive outcomes from the war include a positive change in the army, a surge in the economy, and as well as a strong international political influence. Senator Thurston of Nebraska said before the war: War with Spain would increase the business and earnings of every American railroad, it would increase the output of every American factory, and it would stimulate every branch of industry and domestic commerce. All of these predictions, indeed, turned out to be results of the Spanish-American War. The United States, both as a nation and as a people, prospered tremendously from this war. The United States birth as an imperialistic power occurred during the Spanish-American War.

Criteria For Selecting Staff For International Assignments Management Essay

Criteria For Selecting Staff For International Assignments Management Essay Business newer-days are recognized to be international and there is a universal belief that this will prolong in the future. This is why organisations now have the need for international managers, as the organisation spread worldwide, so must the employees. Human resource management (HRM) has grown to be one of the most accepted topics in international management. The employee that is send abroad is known as an expatriate. Expatriates are employees/managers who move from the home country to an overseas location. (Tanner 2009, 360) A successful expatriate usually entail a vast amount of time and money, however, a botched expatriate can be even more expensive for an organisation. International business is all the business transactions involving private companies or governments of two or more countries. (Daniels 2009, 864) International human resource management is an imperative aspect of MNEs international strategies and the difficulty of managing international operations. The determin ation of this study is to gain a better understanding of how multinational enterprises (MNE) select their expatriate managers. It is important to note that the selection process is a discrete process and need to function successfully in the organisations. 1. Multinational Enterprise. 1.1.1 Definition of Multinational Enterprise. The multinational  enterprise  (MNE) can be measured as the most powerful organisation in the world today. Globalization is the  development  that has a significant impact on how the world operates today and is  mostly  driven by the expansion of MNEs. Internationalisation has lined the  technique  for the eradication of boundaries between countries and now multinational enterprises (MNEs) can be distributed across the world in  exploration  of new markets, opportunities and wherewithal. A multinational enterprise (MNE) takes a worldwide view of markets and production. (Daniels 2009, 63) In simple terms, a Multinational  enterprise  (MNE) will  produce  and  market  their products anywhere in the world. Operations can also take place in  multiple  countries, for example, in the wholesale trade Nestle is an  excellent  example of an MNE. Nestle has marketing and production facilities in almost every country, in the world; Nestle Switzerland operational plants must be managed to use the same set of  management  styles as their international counterpart Nestle SA. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is an organisation that holds a  hefty  equity share; usually fifty percent or more of another organisation, functioning in an overseas country. The multinational  enterprise  (MNE) can be formed when an organisation in one country makes an impartiality investment in an organisation, in another country.  Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in an overseas organisation where the overseas  financier  holds at least ten percent of the average shares, accepted with the  objective  of proven a lasting interest overseas, a  durable  bond and  momentous  influence  on the management of the organisation. International markets and foreign direct investment (FDI) have amplified penetratingly in the precedent decades. Escalating internationalization has had a  remarkable  influence on the competitive  spot  of  numerous  countries. 1.1.2 Role of (MNE) in staffing approaches. Operating internationally, a Multinational Enterprise (MNE) has many  vital  decisions to make, how to, best structure the organisation in order to  manage  business  effectively. According to (Schuler et al.1992,419-459), The most influential factor that determines the success of the organisation, is the way in which the Multinational Enterprise differentiates its operating units internationally and, at the same time, assimilates, control and coordinate its activities. Important factor is to  balance  the need for diversity, to  coordinate  and manage to  produce  an organisation that is internationally,  flexible  and competitive. Diversity branch as the need to operate in a rejoinder manner in an  array  of environments occurs internationally  arise. Multinational  enterprises (MNEs) can  supply  resources to host countries that other organisations cannot. The host country can  persuade  them to  transmit  their compensations in  sui table  forms. The compensation that a host country can  acquire  from foreign direct investment (FDI) is as follow: 1) Capital, 2) Technology, 3) Skills and Management and 4) Access to markets. 1.1.2.1 Capitals. Foreign direct investment (FDI) brings to  hand  financial resources in the form of  capital  for countries who can not afford the  required  capital. The capital inflows received from the FDI are  more  constant, and it is much easier to  service  than trade  debt  or portfolio investment. In  dissimilarity  to other suppliers of capital, MNEs  mostly  invest in  long-standing  assignments  compelling  risks and repatriating of profits only when the  assignment  yield returns. 1.1.2.2. Technology. Embryonic countries tend to  insulate  in the use of technology, even the technology in developed countries can be outdated. The MNEs can bring  modern  technologies and increase the effectiveness with which technologies can be used. They  modify  technologies to local environments,  depiction  on their  knowledge  in other  embryonic  countries.  The MNE can  improve  technologies as modernization materialize and spending patterns change, they can also  rouse  technical competencies in  local  organisations both suppliers and competitors, by giving support, acting as role models and increasing competition. 1.1.2.3. Skills and Management The need for training, is regularly not recognised by local organisations, the MNEs is  mostly  in  possession  of advanced skills and can  transfer  the resources to the host countries. They  bring  to  hand  experts, setup training facilities and have some of the best management techniques that  offer  the host country a  gargantuan  competitive advantage. Where  association  can be integrated into MNEs networks, they can  cultivate  capabilities to  service  the regional or international  system  in tasks, products or markets. 1.1.2.4. Market Access. The MNEs can provide access to export markets, both for existing activities and  new  activities. In order to attract MNEs, a host country must make sure that its policies and regulations are beneficial, while at the same time protecting the  state  from opportunistic entities. The process of internationalization and multinational corporations  influence  the  political  area of a host country, a host country that intends to attract more MNEs and investors need to  generate  an image of  stability  and reliability. This can be done by implementing policies and regulations that the international community endorse and that make MNE  entry  more  advantageous  for both parties. The main channel for the transfer of human resource management (HRM) across international boundaries and  various  cultures is the MNE. Not only are MNEs main  cast  lists in international business, but they are also crucial cast lists in the  practice  of human resourc e management (HRM) internationally. The  procedure  of human resource management (HRM) in other countries is often culturally  specific, and human resource (HR) professionals need to  take  this into consideration. The main focus of an organisations human resources  programme  right through all of its  progression  and actions should be the  optimum  support  and  reinforcement  of the organisations strategy, in attempts and actions involving both  strategy  formulation and implementation. The staffing approach has a significant impact on strategic management, including  selection  of  key  MNE managers who have a significant  influence  in formulating the MNEs strategy, and the  selection  of managers throughout the MNE. Staffing should  shape  and strengthen the  direction  and  main  concern of the MNE, such as being  steady  with its ethnocentric, polycentric, region-centric, and geocentric staffing approaches in operating  international  organisations. An organisations approach to international  endowment  (staffing) must support the  way  of doing business. Discussion on the orientations toward staffing in MNE can be traced to the work of Howard Perlmutter, and his work represents the seminal theoretical contribution to the field. He introduced a  classification  of multinationals which differentiated between firms based on their attitude toward geographic sourcing of their management teams. According to Perlmutter, 1969. There are three  primary  ways in which international organisations can be staffed; a fourth staffing  approach  was  added later. The connotations for the staffing functions, mainly for  superior  levels of management, held by regi on-centric, geocentric, ethnocentric and polycentric strategic approaches can be discussed. 2. International Staffing Approaches. Organisations involved in international  business  can be divided into four types international strategies, 1) Global, 2) Multi-domestic, 3) Transnational and 4) International strategy. When a MNE has identified their strategy they look to international markets for  potential  growth strategies. Management beliefs are a serious matter, because it decides how an  organisation  views itself in relation to it wants and needs to manage human resources in different countries. Employees who  mix  with the organisations culture and have the ability to engage in the working environment, is  extremely  useful, for an  international  human resource manager in the selection process. Nestle, for example, is hiring employees who have the necessary skills required to perform actual tasks and whose  style, beliefs, and  value  system needs to be the same as the organisation. Factors such as  local  values and international trade theories need to be taken into consi deration when managers  create  a strategy for international markets. Ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and region-centric is perspectives that managers themselves  present  and characterise into question. 2.1 International strategies. 2.1.1 Global Strategy. This strategy describes the most mature international strategy, with highly coordinated activities dispersed geographically around the world. (Johnson 2008, 306) This strategy offers a standardised product across a number of national markets, with little or no  adjustment  to local needs or expectations. An example of a company that make use of this strategy can be Sony, as they compete in every country, in the world, and they  regulate  their products for all markets in different countries. 2.1.2 Multi- Domestic Strategy. This strategy is similarly loosely coordinated internationally, but involves dispersion overseas of various activities, including manufacturing and sometimes product development. (Johnson 2008, 305) This strategy also aims at adapting a product for use in  national  markets responding to changes in the local  market  environment. Local adaption can make the  overall  organisational portfolio increasingly diversified. This strategy is most  desirable  in professional services, where local relationships are extremely  valuable. 2.1.3 Transnational Strategy. Transnational companies operate in many countries and delegate many decisions to local managers. (Boddy 2005, 106)This strategy strives to optimise the trade-offs associated with  productivity, local adaptation and learning. 2.1.4 International Strategy. This strategy can be based on the dissemination and adaptation of a companys knowledge and expertise to foreign markets. 2.2 Staffing approaches. Once the organisation has chosen their  international  strategy, they can now  choose  and  apply  one of four staffing approaches in order to  manage  their staff in an efficient manner in the organisation. 2.2.1 Ethnocentric approach. An ethnocentric attitude is the parochialistic  belief that the best work approaches and practices  are those of the home country. (Stephen 2007, 92) An organisation with a  parent  country strategy succeeds with this approach. The headquarter from the  parent  country makes the key decisions, most employees from the  parent  country  have significant work, and the contributory support the  parent  country, resource management procedures. The organisation procedure and culture values of the  parent  country  are  predominant  when MNE follow the ethnocentric approach. A managing and staffing approach can be developed by headquarters and is steadily applied throughout the world.  Organisations following this approach assume that the  parent  country  management system is better, and that staff members from other counterparts of the world should follow these styles. 2.2.1.1 Advantages of using Ethnocentric approach. 2.2.1.1.1 Transmitting core competencies. Employees that can be transferred to engage in an  international  strategy  are more likely to be au fait with and protect the organisations core competencies. Organisations intend to continue with the success of the organisation, when expanding and operating in international markets. They  perpetuate  the  success  by controlling and regulating the use of the organisations core competencies. 2.2.1.1.2 Countering cognitive dissonance. Organisations make use of the ethnocentric staffing  approach, to minimise the  level  of cognitive dissonance, as there are  various  challenges operating in foreign markets; to help them overcome these challenges, the organisation makes use of  reliable  and  competent  employees to engage in proven working methods, in the foreign market,  .  An ethnocentric staffing  approach  is from time almost impossible. The development and employing of local workers can be alerted by the hosting government, the preferences of foreign contributory to hire locals. The MNE is often pushed through immigration laws and workplace set of laws to do so. 2.1.1.2 Disadvantage of using ethnocentric approach. 2.1.1.2.1 De-motivate staff. The ethnocentric staffing approach can de-motivate local managers and employees. All smart and  competent  employees live near headquarters, this sends out a message, to lower-level employees that the organisation do not  appreciate  them which lead to less motivated staff. 2.1.1.2.2 Narrow interpretation of foreign operations. Expatriate managers may struggle to  oblige  styles which are acceptable in the organisations headquarters, but which may be considered inappropriate in the host country. 2.2.2 Polycentric approach. A  polycentric staffing policy uses host-country nationals to  manage  local subsidiaries. (Daniels 2009, 823) A  local  employee heads a contributory because headquarters managers are not measured to have sufficient local knowledge. Contributory continually cultivates human resource management procedures locally. A polycentric  staffing  approach  analyse the effectiveness of the organisations procedures of the host country operations as equivalent to those of the parent country. 2.2.2.1 Advantages of using Polycentric approach. 2.2.2.1.1 Maintain motivation and organisational  image. Making use of the host country managers, to engage in a multi-domestic strategy, they can assist and encourage local initiative and  commitment, and to perk up the organisations local  image. 2.2.2.1.2 Continuity of  management  improves. It abolishes language barriers, elude adjustment problems of expatriate managers and their families, and eliminate the need for costly cultural consciousness training courses. Bestow potential for profit proliferation through  elasticity  because local managers can respond  immediately  to market needs in the vicinity of pricing, production, product life cycle, and political  bustle; deficiency of problems linked with expatriate managers together with cultural short-sightedness. 2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of using Polycentric approach. 2.2.2.2.1 Gap between local and  global  operations. With a polycentric  approach, it is more  trouble  to bridge the gap (policies, communication, coordination,  control  and culture etc.) between the host  country  component and the organisations  parent  headquarters. 2.2.2.2.2 Lead to corporate lethargy. The organisation confines understanding of host nationals to their own country. Organisations headquarters may become isolated from  national  component  and lead to lack of incorporation, this, in turn, may lead to corporate lethargy. 2.2.3 Geocentric approach. A geocentric approach can be defined as A world-oriented view that focuses on using  the best approaches and people  around the globe. (Stephen 2007, 93) When organisations engage in a geocentric  approach  they seek the ideal candidate for prime positions throughout the organisation, despite their origin.  Managers that make use of this staffing approach believe that it is extremely  valuable  to have an  international  perspective, both at the organisations headquarters in the  parent  country  as well as in the foreign host country. 2.2.3.1 Advantages of using Geocentric approach. 2.2.3.1.1 Endorse  international  learning. A geocentric staffing approach enables firms pursuing a global or transnational strategy to establish the necessary framework of international management, who can  support  global learning by moving between countries and cultures without forfeiting their success. This approach also allows the organisation to make best use of its human resources and makes employees feel at ease working in any culture. 2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of using Geocentric approach. 2.2.3.2.1 Hard to develop and costly to maintain. The issues that make the geocentric staffing approach hard to develop and costly to maintain can be issues such as, economic aspects, decision-making and legal contingencies. 2.2.4 Region-centric approach. Staffing approaches may also occur in the process under an established region-centric strategic approach, where the organisations operations or  meticulous  functions can be controlled by  various  country  regions or  fundamental  economic regions. This staffing approach can be viewed as the host country has the  predominance  at a local contributory, however, with an increased activity of  superior  host country managers to  top  up operations in  various  countries of the fiscal region. In this case, it can be noted that headquarter employees  signify  at  regional  headquarters, which provide opportunities for cross-cultural dealings afar from what can be found in the polycentric staffing  approach. The previous host country managers and the international assignments also  acquire  useful  albeit less culturally remote international  career  experience; however, they are still limited to the regional level with a slight chance of upgrading to the top management strategic working  party  back at their company headquarters. 2.2.4.1 Advantages of using Region-centric approach. 2.2.4.1.1 Build Competencies. The region-centric staffing  approach  possibly will play a role, through this prolonged  level  of international assignments, to edifice competent international competencies, signifying an obliging conversion to an  ultimate  global strategy introducing a geocentric approach to staffing. 2.2.4.1.2 Encourage communication. It permits interaction flanked by managers of an organisations contributory that transmits to their organisations  local  headquarters, and managers from the organisations headquarters positioned in the regional headquarters. 2.2.4.2 Disadvantages of using Region-centric approach. 2.2.4.2.1 Career limited. When an  organisation  makes use of the region-centric staffing  approach, there is a rare occasion that they can be transferred between regions. This  strategy  shift employees within designated regions, rather than transferring internationally. The multinational enterprise can engage in one of numerous approaches to select international staff. It may even continue on an unplanned core, rather than analytically selecting one of the above four staffing approaches. The jeopardy with these approaches can be that the organisation will choose a staffing approach of making use of parent country nationals in international management positions by firm will choose for a policy of using parent-country nationals in foreign management positions by evasion, that is, simply as an routine expansion of domestic staffing approach, rather than consciously looking for best possible exploitation of management abilities. There are both advantages and disadvantages of making use of local nationals and expatriates in foreign contributories. The majority organisations make use of expatriates only for important positions as senior managers. Expatriates veer to be very costly, it makes little sense to hire expatriates for positions that can be profic iently filled by foreign nationals. Numerous countries compel that a evident percentage of the work force need to be local employees, with omissions frequently made for superior management. 3. Criteria for selecting expatriates. International human  resource  is a  decisive  factor of an  organisations  position  and is widely recognized as an influencing factor for failure and success of international business environments. International human  resource  involves developing human resource capabilities to meet the diverse needs multinationals organisations. Human resources and  competitive  international  economy are cannot be  easily  too duplicated, as factors of production and can, therefore,  provide  a competitive advantage for the organisation. When looking at international staffing criterias, operating and middle management employees can be selected locally. Upper management positions can be filled with  parent  country nationals (PNC), host country nationals (HCN) and third-country nationals (TCN). The choice of whom to hire is often influenced by the attitudes of top management teams and the overall staffing policies. The organisations strategic positions and  v ision  should take the  view  on international human resource management and how it can be integrated into the organisation. According to Dowling and Schuler, (1990) selection  is the  process of gathering information for the purpose of  evaluating and deciding who should be employed in a position. When high-technical capabilities and when new international organisations recognize that adherence to the organisations is in greater concern as to the  commitment  to host countries; expatriates are  usually  sending abroad. (Deresky 2003) Technical expertise can be seen as one of the most critical criteria when selecting employees for international assignments. Black et al, 1999, stated focusing on technical skills can result in an instant selection process, where potential candidates with cross-cultural skills and similar technical skills can be overlooked when decisions makers are trying to find suitable candidates within the organisation. For the human resource practitioner in charge, it can be challenging to determine what selection criteria to use when selecting employees for international assignments. The factors involved in the expatriation selection is, 1) Technical Ability 2) Cross-Cultural Suitability 3) Family Requirements 4) Organisation-Specific Requirements 5) Language and 6) MNE requirements. These factors are all related so they should not be revised  separately. Technical Ability, Cross-Cultural Suitability and Family Requirements, are the factors related to the individual, and the Organisation-Specific Requirements, Language and MNE requirements are  mostly  influenced by the working  situation  they need to  enter. 3.1.1 Technical Ability. For the selected  candidate  to perform a task, technical and the needed managerial skills is  necessary. The assessment of the  potential  candidate is usually based on their  previous  working experience, where statements and  evaluation  records from the candidates superiors is available. When the candidate needs to solve a problem in a new international business environment, it must be noted that  experience  is not that serious. Technical abilities are fundamentally the knowledge required to carry out a task; technical abilities is associated to the working of tools. An example of technical abilities can be that financial managers need to make use of business appraisal tools to assess and set up financial statements like the income statement and balance sheet.   3.1.2 Cross-culture suitability. According to Dowling and Welch, (2004) important Things to consider when assessing the candidates cross-culture suitability, is language skills, culture empathy, the attitude toward new cultures and the level of personnel and emotional stability. In practice, it is not easy to evaluate the cross-culture suitability of a candidate as it is  hard  precisely  know what factors should be included. The multinational enterprise (MNE) emphasizes the importance of expatriates abilities to  create  and maintain a  natural  relationship, but means to measure such abilities is not always accurate enough. Efficient relationships for example, an analysis of the hypothesis that culture with evident male dominance is more belligerent and it can be perplexed, because the mock-up of cultures is not autonomous. 3.1.3 Family Requirements. The success, of the expatriate  abroad  can be influenced by spouse/family, MNEs sometimes focuses too little on the impact that  family  may have on the expatriate.  Families find it difficult to  adjust  as they can suffer from segregation due to the subjection to  integrate  into new environments. A higher level of organisational assistance in the primitive phases of expatriation  usually  links with a higher level of  adjustment  by the spouse. 3.1.4 Organisation-Specific Requirements. The human resource practitioner needs to consider the organisations requirements before selecting a candidate, host country governments can stop the transfer of expatriates. The host government, is the ones that issue the working permits and visas to the expatriates, therefore, the  parent  country need to prove that there is no  available  host  national  country. Legislations and changes of the employee must be addressed; assignments abroad means that the expatriate must  move  to another country with  family  to  remote  or war-torn environments, where living conditions can be  challenging.  Some host countries do not issue work permits to females, this can  make  it difficult, for the spouse to  adapt. An organisation-specific requirement is implemented during the formation of an independent relationship flanked by computer resources, which includes the evaluation of the comparative precedence between default recommendation and alternative recomm endation; and using the highest precedence recommendations to set up a link among the computer resources. 3.1.5 Language skills. Language skill is a significant factor, knowledge of the host countrys  language  can be considered  essential  for many top level management positions, along with the  aptitude  to communicate successfully. Knowledge of the host countrys foreign language helps the expatriates and their families/spouse feel more contented in the new environment.  When adopting a corporate language, which is different from what the, expatriate local, language, is a  fundamental  that  language  skills need to be viewed as selection criteria. 3.1.6 Multinational enterprise (MNE) requirements. The MNEs requirements have an  enormous  impact on the decisions and which selection criteria to use. Training skills are  very  important, so that expatriates can  train  locals and emphasize negotiating skills in new international business environments. The period of the assignment is another factor influencing family/spouse. According to Harris and Brewster, (1999) they suggested that international managers has many similar characteristics as those managers working in less complex environments, but are in need of additional skills regarding to  handle  the problems that may arise internationally. Technical abilities is an important factor in the case of selecting international staff, it provides the employee with the basic understanding of what is included in their tasks and what they believe they are capable of doing. The multinational enterprise (MNE) view the experience of expatriate as very important, prolong experience is needed to have the appropriate knowledge to develop a successful organisation. Conclusion When considering the roles of expatriates it can be noted that it does not have one single intended role. By evaluating all those who are interested the multi national enterprise (MNE) will select the candidate that is more suitable and has the knowledge and experience needed to successfully engage in the international organisation. When looking at the selection criteria of expatriates, establishing basic criteria for selection can be beneficial to the international business environment. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding and knowledge of the selection criteria when selecting international staff for international assignments. The criteria for selecting expatriates have been discussed, and it was noted that it does not differ much from the regular employee selection process. In order for an international organisation to operate successfully in a foreign country they first need to selected an international strategy to enter the international market/environment. Once the organisation as entered the market they need to know what staffing approach is best suitable to the strategy they are following. If the organisation has determined there strategy and approach, they then have to take in consideration what criteria they are going to make use of to select the best expatriate manager for the international assignment. International organisations have to take in consideration every aspect of selecting the appropriate candidate, as the failure of expa triation can be extremely expensive.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century :: Politics Political Essays

The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century The direction the world is heading now is unsustainable. We have explored the many facets of this unsustainability throughout our seminar. It is real. And the essence of unsustainability, of course, is that we can not keep it up. There will be change, and as a society, we cannot live in denial of this fact. We must hurry up and figure out how to take control of this change before the change happens to us. What would happen if we let our society continue on its current path without rethinking our values? It is very hard to conceive of our "powerful" nation and fast-paced, glittery way of life ending. I am sure that few Americans really can picture what would happen. It is easiest to assume that we could remain indefinitely in this state of more or less comfortable obliviousness. As long as we have a fresh supply of new products around us, the instantaneous, superficial pleasures can keep us distracted. To try to break through this lazy mindset, I considered looking at similar situations over a larger time scale. There have been many boom civilizations throughout human history that thought they were the pinnacle of existence and could never be defeated. But they all ended, sooner or later. The Greeks, the Romans, the Spanish, the British, etc. etc. etc. (there are plenty from pre-history as well - the more we learn, the more fallen civilizations we find). They are either taken over by another group, are ruined by disease, or because of their inability to change they use up or degrade the resource base that sustained them. To look from a larger scale than just humans, the archaeological record shows the rise and fall of many groups or species in a similar way. Earth was once "ruled" by microscopic organisms, later by dinosaurs, then by megafaunal mammals, and now by us (forgive the major jumps in evolution- I'm just trying to make a point). Current trends towards globalization and thus worldwide spread of materialism and consumption mean that we no longer can consider our fate as an individual "civilization." We now must realize that whatever fate befalls us, befalls humans worldwide. Luckily, more and more people are figuring this out and getting worried. I propose that there will be a cultural backlash against the modern consumptive society, and that the trends will begin to reverse. Just as each generation rebels to some extent against the previous one (and each decade is appalled by the fashion sense of the one before), the next generation or so will be disgusted with the overconsumption and excess of The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century :: Politics Political Essays The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century The direction the world is heading now is unsustainable. We have explored the many facets of this unsustainability throughout our seminar. It is real. And the essence of unsustainability, of course, is that we can not keep it up. There will be change, and as a society, we cannot live in denial of this fact. We must hurry up and figure out how to take control of this change before the change happens to us. What would happen if we let our society continue on its current path without rethinking our values? It is very hard to conceive of our "powerful" nation and fast-paced, glittery way of life ending. I am sure that few Americans really can picture what would happen. It is easiest to assume that we could remain indefinitely in this state of more or less comfortable obliviousness. As long as we have a fresh supply of new products around us, the instantaneous, superficial pleasures can keep us distracted. To try to break through this lazy mindset, I considered looking at similar situations over a larger time scale. There have been many boom civilizations throughout human history that thought they were the pinnacle of existence and could never be defeated. But they all ended, sooner or later. The Greeks, the Romans, the Spanish, the British, etc. etc. etc. (there are plenty from pre-history as well - the more we learn, the more fallen civilizations we find). They are either taken over by another group, are ruined by disease, or because of their inability to change they use up or degrade the resource base that sustained them. To look from a larger scale than just humans, the archaeological record shows the rise and fall of many groups or species in a similar way. Earth was once "ruled" by microscopic organisms, later by dinosaurs, then by megafaunal mammals, and now by us (forgive the major jumps in evolution- I'm just trying to make a point). Current trends towards globalization and thus worldwide spread of materialism and consumption mean that we no longer can consider our fate as an individual "civilization." We now must realize that whatever fate befalls us, befalls humans worldwide. Luckily, more and more people are figuring this out and getting worried. I propose that there will be a cultural backlash against the modern consumptive society, and that the trends will begin to reverse. Just as each generation rebels to some extent against the previous one (and each decade is appalled by the fashion sense of the one before), the next generation or so will be disgusted with the overconsumption and excess of

Monday, August 19, 2019

Marsupial Reproduction :: Marsupials Reproduction Mammals Biolgoy Essays

Marsupial Reproduction Knowledge can be obtained and conveyed in a variety of ways. One can spend hours upon hours hidden away in the corner of a library, reading the thoughts and discoveries of other researchers and writers. Or, one can allow himself to make his own discoveries through experiments and observations that he makes himself. Both methods are necessary in order to come to a complete understanding of a topic. An experimenter cannot fully appreciate the things that she observes without having a background in that area. In the same way, a man does not truly use the knowledge he has gained from book research without applying it to the real world in some way. Knowledge of marsupial reproduction is this way. There is much to be learned from the writings of scientists of the past, while at the same time there are many new discoveries to be made as researchers of the present apply this knowledge to answering new questions. The purpose of this paper is to compile knowledge that has already been written on marsupial reproduction, including the topics of: marsupial characteristics, reproductive anatomy, sexual behavior, development of young, hormonal control, and ecological implications of reproductive patterns, so that it can be used as a basis for new insights and discoveries. What is a marsupial? Many biologists of the past and present have been intrigued by a group of animals known as marsupials. Marsupials are a subdivision of mammals with several defining characteristics. First, marsupials generally have more incisor teeth than eutherian (placental) mammals. In most marsupials, as in most primates, the first toe of the hind foot is opposable to the other four, and it always lacks a claw. Interestingly, most terrestrial marsupials have lost this toe altogether. Marsupials also tend to have a smaller brain than eutherians of equivalent size and their body temperature and rate of metabolism are slightly lower than eutherians. (Gould, 52) Other important characteristics of marsupials come from their unique reproductive patterns and reproductive system. Externally, differences include à ¬such interesting anatomical features as a prepenal scrotum and biparte penes and vaginae in most groups and typically, but not always, a pouch over the teats.à ® (Bronson, 187) The major difference is the dramatically abbreviated period of gestation marsupials have adopted and the function of this phenomenon. Few marsupials have a gestation period longer than their oestrous cycle. This means that all marsupials give birth to highly altrical

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Switch Roles :: essays research papers

Throughout the play "Macbeth", two of the main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth gradually exchange roles. Macbeth is the kind, caring one of the two in the beginning, but completely changes as the play goes on, as with Lady Macbeth. She starts out as an evil, vicious beast. She is an evil woman who is bond and determined to kill Duncan. At the end of the play this character feels guilt for what she has done and has taken the personality, which was that of her husband in the beginning.At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth speaks and shows her shows how cruel and heartless she really is; "And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty". This shows she has no good in her, what so ever. Macbeth on the other hand, began as a good respectable character. When Lady Macbeth speaks of killing Duncan, he gives many reasons for reasons that he could not do so. Some of the reasons he gives in that speech are, that Duncan respects him, and trusts Macbeth. Duncan is also related to him by blood, and if he were to kill him he would never be able to rid himself of the guilt; wash the blood from his hands.At the climax of the play Macbeth makes plans to kill Banquo, with out Lady Macbeth, without anyone. This is a turning point because up until now, Macbeth was a respectable man, who didn't feel the need to kill for the crown. But suddenly he decides he is going to go against everything he has believed in up till now.As the play comes to an end, Macbeth has gone mad. He kills Macduff's whole family, all the children, and even the young, innocent babies. He loses control and doesn't care about anyone or anything. He is now pure evil.Lady Macbeth has now realized her wrong doings. She realizes how cold and dark she once was. She now wants to carry a candle with her at all times, to have the light with her always. She is now trying to get the stench of blood off her hands, but is unsuccessful. The guilt of murdering Duncan eats away at her.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Pert Chart

PERT Chart PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) Chart, how it is used to monitor a project activity and its advantages & disadvantages The Project (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) chart is a chart which is widely used to portray statistics in project management. It is essentially designed to analyze and represent the tasks that are assigned to a project team in completing a designated project. The PERT technique of analyzing representing data is first done by the United States Navy for managing the Polaris submarine missile program.This chart is a graphical representation of a project’s schedule and is widely used to schedule, organize and coordinate tasks within a project by the project management team in order to plan and finish the project accordingly. A PERT Chart Just like in the figure above, a PERT Chart is an illustration of a project which is portrayed graphically as a network diagram consisting of the rectangles (known as nodes) which are marked in the form of numbers that represents the events within a project. The lines in the above diagram that are marked as programming, test code, test system, installation, and activity are the tasks of the project.Sequences of these tasks are indicated by the direction of lines. The nodes which are in the form of a series (2, 4, 8, 10 and 7, 9, 11) and the tasks connecting these nodes must be completed in an order and these are known as serial tasks. Likewise, since the tasks between 5 & 6 and 5 & 7 are not in a sequential order, these tasks can be finished simultaneously and these are known as parallel tasks. However the tasks that are represented by dotted lines must be completed in a sequence but they do not require resource or specific time period and these are called dummy activities.These tasks are considered to have event dependency. PERT uses a network representation to capture the precedence or parallel relationships among the tasks in the project. One of the major adv antages of the PERT chart is that the tasks can be performed simultaneously within a project management as this method saves a lot of time and ensures that the project will be finished before its scheduled deadline. This technique can be constructed with a variety of attributes, such as earliest and latest start dates for each task, earliest nd latest finish dates for each task, and slack time between tasks. A PERT chart can document an entire project or a key phase of a project. (2010, PERT Chart) On the flipside, the main setback for a PERT chart is that it is more difficult to interpret for big and complex projects as there is a great chance for the team members to get confused. In most cases and especially for large scale projects, The PERT chart is preferred over the Gantt chart because it clearly illustrates task dependencies, a feature which cannot be used for Gantt chart.On the flip side, the PERT chart can be much more difficult to interpret as it is not exactly a user frie ndly chart. Depending upon the requirements, project management team will use either the PERT chart or Gantt chart. References: (May, 2007) Margaret Rouse; Program Evaluation Review Technique; Retrieved from http://searchsoftwarequality. techtarget. com/definition/PERT-chart (2009) John Chinneck; Practical Optimization; A Gentle Introduction; Retrieved from http://www. sce. carleton. ca/faculty/chinneck/po/Chapter11. pdf (2010) PERT Chart; Retrieved from http://web2. concordia. ca/Quality/tools/20pertchart. pdf

Friday, August 16, 2019

Unit COMPLETED

When professionally assessed, the young person will be assessed against a nationally recognized level and compared against these to assess their progress. Factors to be taken into account when assessing a child's development will be their health; whether they come from an economically deficient background that may have impaired their early development because of a lack of a healthy diet. If there is a history of mental or disability within the birth family that is having an effect on the child's capability to progress in education and comprehend fully the surroundings and situations they are in.Maybe they are physically disabled and cannot fulfill certain everyday functions and activities they may come normally to any other child or young person. This may have an emotional bearing and need to be taken into account when assessing them on their development. AGE Physical Intellectual Language Emotional Social 3 Months eggs not strong yet to hold weight when standing Visually alert and f ollows adults with eyes, moves head Stops crying to sound of rattle Quietest to sound of familiar voice Stares at parent or career when being fed 6 Months FM. Uses palmary grasp to pick up objects. GSM.Held standing with feet touching hard surface. Manipulates objects attentively. Forgets about toy if hidden. More alert now. Turn to where familiar voice comes from, listens to voice Laugh, show excitement and displeasure. Will reach out to be picked up. Show preference for primary career. Friendly with strangers on most occasions. 9 Months Rolls along, wiggles and may crawl Recognizes names, points at pictures and books. Splashes deliberately. Laughs before action toy works, remembers the action. Babbles, will shout for attention, wait and repeat. Copies simple sounds. Still cry for attention, but ill also use their voices.Have become aware of other people significant to them. Copies facial expressions 12 Months Controls legs and feet, can stand Throws toys on purpose. Says first rea l word Responds to own name. Can eat finger food after being weaned. 15 Months Walks unaided Understands many words, simple phrases, and directions. Repeats words Really loves books now and will pat the pages when looking at pictures. Feeds him/herself. 18 Months Walks very well without holding on to furniture, needs arms for balance. Uses objects to imitate everyday activities. Will build a 3 brick tower. Scribbles bad ND fed, can make dots.Sounds like speech but not yet understandable. Will chatter away whilst playing. Uses 6-20 words. Pretend play, dolls and domestic scenarios. Still needs familiar adults to be close by. No sense of danger. Can feed self and drink from a cup. Throws toys but doesn't look where they drop. Can undress self. 2 Years FM. Picks up objects and places down neatly. GSM. Runs on whole foot. Can negotiate obstacles and stairs. Turns pages carefully, notices finer points of picture. Identify a picture. Can name well known objects No understanding of need to defer immediate satisfaction of wishes. Enjoys ole-play.Finds sharing difficult. Can spoon feed self with no problems 3 years Can balance on one foot for a moment. Name colors, build small brick tower. Inquisitive questions. Can recite numbers, but only count 3 objects. Show affection to sibling. Will now wait for needs to be fulfilled. Will share, will play with others and alone, has best friends. Tidies up. 4 Years Walks on tip-toes, uses pedals and can steer. Good special awareness. Skilful at holding pencils. Able to have a conversation with. Can recite rhymes and songs, and has favorite stories. Begins to show understanding of past and present. Uses humor.Can be cheeky to an adult, can use a spoon and a fork to eat. Can manage personal hygiene. 5 Years FM. Showing signs of skill with construction toys. GSM. Energetic, plays ball games. Counts fingers, can match well. Can copy letters. Confuses S with HTH or F. Enjoys stories and will repeat them in their play. Reassures friend s when they are upset. Best friends, sense of humor increases. Lots of complex play, using lots of imagination. 6-12 Years Significant differences between children's physical appearances due to heredity, nutrition and normal developmental variation. Strength, hand-eye coordination & stamina progress rapidly.Puberty for some girls can start. Rapid development of mental skills. Greater ability to talk about thoughts and feelings. Learning to plan ahead. Think more logically. Developing mathematical and literacy skills. Reading and writing become more articulate, being able to relate involved accounts of events. Hold adult conversations. Learn by watching and talking to each other. Give support in times of stress. Begin to see things from other child's point of view. Still may require help to express their feelings in appropriate ways. More independence from parents and family. Stronger sense of right and wrong.Beginning awareness of the future. More attention to friendships and teamwo rk. Growing desire to be liked and accepted by friends. 12-14 Years Puberty for both sexes. Rapid musculoskeletal growth. The adolescent can put together all the possible outcomes before beginning the problem. Sizes actions more than words to express themselves. Moodiness and shyness. Feels like nothing bad can happen to them. Revisits childish behavior. Spend more time with peers. Begin to form their identity exploring clothes music and hobbies. Push limits. 14-17 years Continued physical activity important to maintain strength and fitness.Youth begins to question family and school rules and challenge parents. Believe nothing bad can happen to them, risk takers. Use language to campaign for what they believe in. Maybe reluctant to speak to adults directly preferring anonymity. Displays mixed feelings about ‘breaking away' from parents. Troubled youth may act out to express emotional pain (drug use/skip school/ fights) May select adults other than parents as role models. 17-19 Years Fully developed and completed puberty. Males growing facial hair. Either finished full-time education and seeking employment, or continuing with Geiger education.Interests are stable. Can set goals and follow through. Expresses feelings in words. Shows emotional stability. Greater concern for others. Starts listening to parents' advice again. Greater concern for the future. Concerned with serious relationships. Clear sexual identity. Self esteem is based on the adolescent's view of him/herself, rather than other people. More self reliant and independent. Peer group not as important as few ‘good' friends. Accepts social institutions and cultural traditions. Age One must also consider their cultural background and ethnicity.Does this present a language barrier that is hindering their ability to mix with their peers and develop at a normal and satisfactory rate and maybe hindering their ability to attend education or there are not the facilities available to help them with education. Are the cultural and religious beliefs of the birth family having a negative effect on the development of the child or young person creating social and moral barriers to their development. The table above shows an indication of what is expected of a child and person to achieve in an emotional and physical way in a normal environment without negative influences upon them.W. Q. 1. 2 – Assess a child or young person's development in the following areas: Physical Communication Intellectual/con dive Social, emotional and behavioral Moral There are many ways to assess the development of a child or young person's development, and a starting point is to consider what information is needed and how the information will be used to assess accurately. This should be done holistically (upholding that all aspects of people's needs including: – psychological – physical – social – spiritual should be taken into account and seen as a whole).Developing ac tivities that will involve the child or young errors so that they can be observed in the areas above and then these observations can be recorded for evidence when formulating a development plan. There are many ways and tools used to record information in the care setting:- Free description, or narrative description -? the child's behavior is recorded during a short period of time and includes what the career sees during specific tasks or activities. Checklists and tick charts – this method is used by health visitors when assessing, in the care setting this may be used by the LACK nurse on routine health visits to the care home.Time sample seed to observe a child over a longer period of time, taking snapshots within that time period, and is a way of assessing more than one area of development. Filming, photographs – a good way of recording the child or young person in ‘real time' which can be played back and re-analyses several times to observe completely differen t aspects of the child and how they interact. Information from parents and colleagues – such information gained from questionnaires or sitting down and having meetings to discuss topics relevant to the child or young person: their experiences they have had with he young person.At motivations we record information on a daily basis, this in the form of our Daily/Weekly record. As part Of the care team record my observations and then share this with the social workers involved, the Line manager and the Head of Care within our company. The information recorded will cover how the child or young person coped with activities, day to day routines, new experiences and family contact. Included in this will be there emotional state and behaviors and reactions to moral problems and situations, failing and successes and how they have benefited, learnt and progressed.Recording their educational achievements and gathering information from schools and colleges on a weekly basis all forms imp ortant data to include in the assessment of the young person towards formulating a Review report and in-depth Care Plan for the future development and progression for the young person. W. Q. 1. 3 – Explain the selection of the assessment methods used. It is important that assessment methods used are justifiable and recognize that there are limitations to these methods but that we can justify our conclusions and support them with relevant and appropriate information.Free ascription -? is an unobtrusive way of recording information, is flexible and we are able to carry this method out many times during the day/week. However, it can be hard to record everything that we see and that if several people are contributing to the narrative then people's bias may influence what is being recorded. Time sample – possible to see what is happening over a longer period Of time and the observers can see many different aspects Of the child or young person through varied activities.Filmi ng/photographs more information can be gained, but the child or young person will be aware f the recording method and those recording choose what to be recorded and so may accidental miss important actions or reactions that the child or young person may do. Information from parents/colleagues – important that parents and colleagues know that the child is involved in activities that are developing them, but again may show bias as to how well they have performed previously in the same or similar situations.W -Q. 1. 4 -? Develop a plan to meet the development needs of a child or young person in the work setting Developing a plan to meet the development needs of a child or young errors in the work setting can be completed once the assessment stage has been completed or it is agreed that enough information has been gathered to proceed further. When a new referral enters Motivations, it is standard practice that a Planning Meeting is held within five working days of the date of arr ival.This happened recently at Victoria Rd (where I am Acting Deputy Manager); the social worker involved with the young person will visit the home and discuss aims and objectives to promote the welfare of the young person. In attendance will be the House Manager, the young person for some Of the meeting and a representative Of senior management. In this Case, the person with parental responsibility was unable to attend but was invited as this was a re-scheduled meeting (24. 01. 13).Elements covered in the Planning meeting will be: Date for review Timescale Aims and purposes Targets or criteria for success Suggested activities Resources and costing Location and suitability Roles and responsibilities Of those involved 2. Be able to promote the development of children or young people BOB. 2. 1 – implement the development plan for a child or young person according to win role and responsibilities, taking into account that development is holistic and interconnected BOB. 2. â€⠀œ Evaluate and revise the development plan in the light of implementation W. Q. 2. 3 – Explain the importance of a person centered and inclusive approach and give examples of how this is implemented in own work It is very important to have a person centered and inclusive approach when developing the plans for the child and young person. They should be included in the reviews and planning meetings wherever appropriate as they should be able to voice their opinion in matters hat directly affect them long and short termed.The young person is capable then Of voicing their opinion at a time that is most relevant and when the most important decisions are made for their future, it may also be that their opinion is not understood or has not been correctly recorded in the day to day record and assessment taking. The young person may feel that it is only during Review Meetings when there is an independent reviewing officer present, that they feel they can voice their own opinion and i t is listened to in an UN-biased manner. During my work setting this is achieved on a weekly axis by having regular ‘Client Meetings' and ‘Group Meetings' held within the home.The young person is able to talk to staff on an agenda based format or ad-hoc depending on the circumstances and events. These meetings are recorded and the minutes are given to the Line Manager for review and auctioning when necessary. During a placement period, there will be regular reviews held which will assess the young person's placement and how their needs are being met. A plan will be formulated based on outstanding requirements and to fulfill the developing needs of the young person, from his their Placement Plan can be updated to inform all those involved in the care of the young person changes that have been made. Attached example is a Placement Plan I updated on young person that was in our care). Information changes and requests will then be passed on to staff through the process of ha ndovers and team meetings (which are held every month). BOB. 2. 4 – Listen to children or young people and communicate in a way that encourages them to feel valued BOB. 2. 5 – Encourage children or young people to actively participate in decisions affecting their lives and the services they chive according to their age and abilities 3. Be able to support the provision of environments and services that promote the development of children or young people W.Q. 3. 1 – Explain the features of an environment or service that promotes the development of children and young people Planning an environment that promotes the development of children and young people requires a lot of thought and experience, and is not just a case of putting in nice furniture and supplying a big TV for the residents to watch! The features of the environment relate to the entire running and ethos of the setting. Features to be considered are: Stimulating and Attractive – young people lea rn through their senses, so an environment needs to be stimulating and interesting, and also attractive.It should include opportunities for play and activities. Planned and Organized a structured system with boundaries that help the young person feel safe and secure, individuals will have their needs, interests and personality fulfilled and developed. Encouraging participation – trying to make the young person feel valued and part of the group environment and not excluded. Promoting equality, diversity and inclusion. Regularity ARQ reorients -? the setting must et the minimum standards require by Posted, and also be compliant to Health & Safety legislation and other legislation involving safeguarding, protection of their human rights.High-quality policy and procedures – as well as legislative requirements, there is an important need to have policy and procedures for staff to follow which are reviewed, updated and evaluated on a regular basis to check their effectivenes s in the workplace. Varied – up to date working practices implemented with current thinking. Providing appropriate risk and challenge – provide a care setting where the young errors is capable of making mistakes in a safe environment.Children and young people must be able to learn from their mistakes in a positive way, if they are wrapped in cotton-wool and stifled they will be ill-prepared for when they leave care and the safe environment they are in presently. Involving parents – the ultimate goal is that where and when possible we return the child or young person back to their home environment, and therefore we need to include parents and family as much as possible so that they are prepared and skilled in the care of the child to effectively manage this happening.This achieved by organizing regular contact, discussing the young person's development and having the parents involved in planning and review meetings. BOB. 3. 2 – Demonstrate how own work env ironment or service is organized to promote the development of children or young people 4. Understand how working practices can impact on the development of children and young people W. Q. 4. 1 – Explain how own working practice can affect children and young people's development I understand and realism that my own working practice can have a significant effect on the development of the children and young people in my care.Questions that ask myself about my working practice may include: Am I and my colleagues within the care home aware of the developmental needs of the young person in our care, IS relevant and important information handed over in a proper manner that is informative and of a quality standard. Are the systems that use ensuring that everyone gets the information needed; if not what can I do to effectively change this in a positive manner. Are the activities planned for the young person positive and beneficial to the young person, could alternatives be employed o r are they biased towards the needs of the care staff!Activities need to be specifically planned to meet the needs of the individual in a positive manner. Are activities balanced positively to meet the needs of the young person? Are they gaining anything from going to the cinema three times a week?! Do activities planned cover the key areas of the educational curriculum and build in a positive developmental way. Do work with the young person enough to gain a proper insight into their developmental needs and requirements, if not then why not?Is the young person engaging fully in their activities or routines to develop themselves fully and take full advantage Of the opportunities presented to them? W. Q. 4. 2 -? Explain how institutions, agencies and services affect children and young people's development Institutions, agencies and services affect children and young people in a positive way by being able to provide a varied and positive development experience that a single agency like ourselves would not be able to provide.We at Motivations are currently using an outside education agency called Inconsiderateness to support us in supplying educational support off-site to a young person in our care who is permanently excluded from main-stream Tate education. They are able to deal with challenging behavior and satisfy the Local Authority with full-time education which was planned during the initial Placement Meeting. Without this outside agency, educational needs for the young person would not have been met at a very important stage in their life aged 13.Other agencies provide support for the young person in times of crisis in their life: NSP can give support to the young person as well as Childlike. Another service that we use at Motivations is ‘Ability' in Clotheshorse; they supply a very specialized outward bounds service run y professionals experienced in emotional and behavioral challenging young people. Without such agencies, the activities available to young people to challenge and develop them would be limited. 5. Be able to support children and young people's positive behavior BOB. 5. – Demonstrate how they work with children and young people to encourage positive behavior W. Q. 5. 2 -? Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behavior There are many different approaches that we use at Motivations to support and encourage positive behavior. Initially, we attempt to treat the child as normal as possible, creating surroundings that reward good and positive behavior, either by words of encouragement during day to day activities, or initiating positive rewards that culminate in a material goal for the young person or child – depending on their age etc.During the course of a normal day words of encouragement, a positive glance or smile, to a ‘thumbs up' or a comforting hand on a young person's shoulder is all that is needed to show support and give encouragement for the young person to put a little ex tra effort into an activity and achieve their goal. So support positive behavior and compliance in a day to day house routine, here appropriate we use a ‘Daily Points Scheme' – the child or young person is scored out of ten on a daily basis on five key factors which we want the young person to improve in.